Create the value Free Essay Example, 2500 words

The degree to which customer perceive a new product or service as superior to similar existing products determines the relative advantage. A product or a service that provides an advantage over an already product offering is said to be greater than the existing market alternatives. Thus, the product is said to be great in terms of value as compared to other market products. b) Compatibility: The compatibility of the inventive product and service offering with the current backgrounds, behavior and routine patterns of consumers also affects its acceptance by the public. A product’s or service’s compatibility measures how closely it relates to needs, value systems and norms, lifestyles, culture, etc. when the levels of compatibility are high rate diffusion is going to be high. Is going to be; and likewise lower the compatibility, the lower the diffusion rate. c) Complexity The levels of complexity in a commodity, buying and usage affect the rate diffusion process of the product. An established innovative of a product is quickly diffused when there exist an ease of understanding, buying and usage of a product. We will write a custom essay sample on Create the value or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now When it is easier to understand the usage a commodity, the more likely It’s going to be accepted and liked by consumers. However, it’s of paramount importance to note that technological complexity is a barrier to the diffusion process. Users tend to resist adoption of new products and innovation in the market because of fear of complexity in the purchase and consequent usage of the new product. High technological firms easily understand this d) Trialability: This is the ease with which the service or a product can be tried and tested. This aspect critically determines the rate of acceptance of a new product. When the degree of trialability is considerably high, the rate of the diffusion process is also high. This simply because it gives chances to  try the product or a service. Evaluation is then done it on whether r to accept or reject the product. Trialability can be encouraged by providing free samples, or providing smaller packs and smaller-than-average sizes. e) Observability of a product This is the ease with which the a product commodity is observed. Observability aspect of the innovative product refers to the rate in which a product beneficial attributes can be imagined, seen as well as perceived by a willing consumer. A product that possess a high degree of observability has greater the chances of the innovativeness. There certain attributes that adversely affect diffusion rate of innovation and subsequently the adoption.

2. Discuss Both the Negative and Positive Outcomes of...

Slavery ended in 1838. One of the biggest negatives of such a system was racism which was found in every Caribbean society. British officials believed that people of Africans descent were inferior and what was worse perhaps these racist attitudes were after internalized by Black and Brown people that is some Africans themselves became convinced that they were inferior to Europeans. With Emancipation in 1838 slaves became free to choose the nature of their future existence. A fundamental development during the post- emancipation period was the exodus of ex slaves from the estates mostly to set themselves up as peasant proprietors. The movement created a labor shortage which threatened the imminent collapse of the sugar industry.†¦show more content†¦The root of the problem lay in India, where women were not emancipated because of the religious and social systems. The proportion of Indian women imported was only 3 per 100 men before the mid 1840’s 32 per 100 by 1870 and a legal minimum of 40 per 100 thereafter. Up to 1870 immigrants had to had been denied the chance to lead normal family lives. In cases where Indian immigrants were married their wives were sometimes taken away to be the mistress of the plantation owners as in the days of slavery. Immigrants were also subject to arbitrary treatment by their employers . This sometimes involved flogging and imprisonment and the immigrant dared not complain. From 1906 to 1907 nearly 40 % of the immigrant laborers in Guyana received summons for breach of the labor laws. Between 1838 and the 1930’s wealth was mainly in the hands of very small groups in society . Nearly all of it belonged to the white upper class though by the 1930’s a significant number of colored or black or Indian businessmen and farmers had acquired money and property. As planters and businessmen whites continued to be the major group of employers in the Caribbean. The worst white employers tre ated their workers with contempt but the better ones showed concern for their laborers’ welfare. For ordinary people life was always a hard struggle. Between 1838 till 1920’s the majority of the people worked for the plantations. Either as full time workers or as casual ,

Resource Management Developing Sustainable Business Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Resource Management for Developing Sustainable Business Organizations. Answer: Introduction International Human Resource Management (HRM) refers to the set of human resource activities that manage the human resources at national and international level. The International HRM refers to the typical HRM functions such as recruitment, selection, training and development, performance appraisal and termination of employees conducted at an international level. Along with it, the international HRM also pertains to the activities such as global skill management, training and cross cultural issues (Harzing Pinnington, 2014). In multinational companies, there are three kind of employees, home country employees which refer to the employees belonging to the home country where the corporate headquarter of the firm is situated, host country employees which refers to the employees belonging to the nation where the subsidiary is situated and third country employees which refers to the employees who are not from the host or the home country but from any other country. The International Huma n Resource Manager integrates HR Policies and practices in different subsidiaries so that the organization can achieve its goals (Truss, Mankin Kelliher, 2012). Moreover, the International Human Resource Manager is responsible to increase the flexibility in the organizations policies so that it can accommodate the cultural differences in different countries (Nkomo, Fottler McAfee, 2010). In the present report, the employee relation issues in international HRM have been explored. Toyota is leading car Manufacturer Company. The HR Manager of the organization is transferred from its subsidiary in Australia to the USA. While moving from Australia to the USA, the manager will face several issues due to differences in economy and employment policies of both countries. In the present report, all the human resource issues faced by the organization have been discussed. Impact of Presidency Change on Economy and Business in the US Operations in international environment can be challenging for the business organizations. The companies have to adapt the policies and business operations according to the local laws and infrastructure. The presidential elections of the United States of America have been the most spectacular event of 2017 and the selection of Donald Trump as the new US President will have several long term impacts on the country. The new government has made several laws such as increasing the tariff on the goods, immigration ban and opting out of Trans-Pacific Partnership Trade Deal in the USA (Garcia, 2017). The investors and business organizations are happy with the presidential rule due to the low corporate taxes, less regulation, lower taxes on the interest and dividend of the organizations. However, the introduction of border taxes at a very high rate has created significant challenges for the human resource management of the organization. The border tax will hike the prices of the automobile s ignificantly (Lippert, 2017). Trump government has also warned Toyota for establishing car manufacturing facility in Mexico. The companies will no longer be able to manufacture the cars in Mexico at cheaper rates and sell them in the USA at higher prices. In the USA, the country has also banned immigration which will reduce the amount of available labor for the organization (Roberts Dason, 2017). One of the major responsibilities of the HR manager is to assure that the organization adheres by the employment laws and regulations (Condrey, 2010). It is a vital component of the HR managers responsibilities. Ensuring legal compliance with the labor and the tax laws is important for the continued existence of the organization. With the changes in the laws, the new HR manager will find it challenging to implement laws. The government constantly makes new regulations regarding the working hours of employees, tax allowances, break times, minimum wage and policies on discrimination (Cohen, 2010). The Trump government has made some radical changes in minimum wages, taxes and discrimination policies. The strategies of the government will require the HR manager to examine the changes required in the operations of the organization and implement them. In the recent development, Donald Trump has issued a threat against Toyota Motor Corp for building a new plant in Mexico. The president-elect warned the automobile manufacturer that it they will carry out the plans, they will face large border tax. Donald Trump made the threat as he was concerned that the new plant will take away the employment of the US citizens. If the company would have been able to outsource labor from Mexico, it would have been benefitted from the relative cheap labor of the country. Duties of International HR Manager The International HR Manager is liable to effectively manage the human resources in the companies which are working globally. They require having a deep understanding of different cultures and the ability to respond quickly. The basic functions of the human resource professionals are to handle activities such as recruitment, interviewing, hiring, training and development of the employees so that the business organization achieves its goals (Harzing Pinninton, 2014). The Human Resource Manager is also responsible to develop policies so that productive and safe workplace environment can be created. In global environment, it is essential to motivate and encourage employees to work collaboratively disregarding their cultural differences. One of the major functions of human resource professionals is to provide training to the human resources to ensure a productive environment is established in the organization (Collings, Wood Caligiuri, 2014). Training ensures that the employees have th e skills and the knowledge to accomplish the job tasks. The human resource manager makes arrangement for the training of the employees so that they are better skilled to perform their functions. Training also ensures that the companies abide by the government regulations as it increases the employee knowledge. In the international environment, the profile of human resource professionals is becoming more generalist (de Juana-Espinosa, 2011). In the present, the involvement of the human resource professionals with the internal operations of the organization is reducing and they are more concerned about collaboration and productivity of the organization as a whole. Today, the human resource professionals are concerned about increasing the competitive advantage, economic survival and the profitability of the organization. In this regard, the human resource professionals perform several actions such as hiring employees, managing benefits and handling disciplinary actions toward the emplo yees. They are also responsible to handle the health care cost, reducing the employee attrition and participating in the community (Chalofsky, 2014). They also work with managers in collaboration with the operations manager in the recruitment of new personnel. In international settings, the HR manager has to work in collaboration with the operations manager to recruit appropriate candidate and later in his performance evaluation. The international human resource manager has another challenging responsibility to build international teams and support their collaboration. They have to take appropriate measures to ensure that diverse teams work together. The human resource professionals adopt several strategies such as conducting team-building workshops, assisting in collaboration of the culturally-diverse people and employee engagement and motivation methods to achieve the strategic goals of the organization (Ehnert, Harry Zink, 2013). HR Implications of the Presidency Change in Automobile Industry The financial capital and wages are also significant in the outsourcing decision of the country. The outsourcing is used to save costs and increase the economic benefits to the organization. The countries like China and Mexico, whose economy is dependent upon the outsourcing activities have developed flexible policies to encourage the foreign companies to invest. The Human resource department of the organization gets benefitted by the highly productive workforce, cheap labor cost and flexible trade policies (Grisham, 2011). Outsourcing is also beneficial for the organization as it can enhance the core competence of the organization and result in new economic growth of the company (TingTing, 2014). With the introduction of the current policy, either the firm has to shift its manufacturing plant in the USA or face high border charges. With the development of plant in the USA, the employer-employee relations will get affected. The employment relationship can be defined as the legal link between employer and the employees. The employment relations are formed when a person works or provide services in the workplace in return of pre-determined remuneration. With the employment relationship; reciprocal rights and obligations are established between the employer and the employees. The employee relation is the main tool through which workers can gain access to the rights and benefits associated with the employment laws and social security of the country. It determines the nature and the extent of employers rights and obligations towards their workers. Moreover, as the employer and the employee work in close proximity, they develop professional relationships with each other. The management of the employment relationship is important for an organization as it is correlated with the happiness and the productivity of the emp loyees. The employer-employee relationship is mutually reliant as the employer is dependent upon the employee to perform his duties whereas employee is dependent upon the organization to support him financially. In Australia, there is national workplace relations system which defines the terms and conditions of employment and workplace right and responsibilities. Accordingly, in Australia, Toyota has implemented a number of programs which align with the workplace policies of the government. Toyota provides paid parental leaves of eighteen weeks for eligible working parents. It is at the rate of National Minimum Wage. According to the Australian laws, both the employers and the employees are responsible for maintaining health and safety at the workplace. In Australian employment laws, safety is given high priority. The law states that the employer is responsible to prevent workplace hazards and injury. As such, the employer must make adequate provisions so that the workplace hazards and injuries can be prevented. In addition to it, the Australian law also state that the employer must have insurance for the employees so that he can be provided facilities in case of serious workplace injuries ( Safe Work Australia, 2017). The Australian government has also made provisions for the unfair dismissal of the employees. However, the economy of the USA has always been capitalist and focused on profit maximization of the business organizations. There are certain employment laws related to minimum wage and unfair dismissal of the employees. However, with the outsourcing and migration of the foreign workers, the US citizens are increasingly becoming concerned about their jobs and retirements. The success of Donald Trump was heavily dependent upon the appeal to the working class who has observed their incomes stagnate and jobs moved offshore. The labor and the employment relations can change radically due to the changes in trade, energy and government regulations. President Trump has reshaped the National Labor Relations board (NLRB) by introducing a number of changes in the employment. The new government has introduced a number of reforms to increase the number of jobs in the USA. He is also focusing on deporting immigrants to open the lay wages jobs that they are holding. The companies will also find it difficult to hire the foreign workers. The minimum wage policy has also been changed to reduce the number of immigrants in the country. The county is planning to hike the minimum wage by 20% so that the companies could not hire the foreign workers at low wages (Dishman, 2016). It could be critiqued that Toyota HR Manager needs to revise the minimum wage policy fin thee organization. If the company initiates the manufacturing facility in the USA, it has to revise the wage policy according to the new regulations. The new policy is focused on reducing the number of migrant workers in the USA. The new policy may create cultural issues and hostility between the different workers. The HR manager needs to implement policies so that cordial relations can be maintained between different workers and they can work collaboratively. Moreover, with the introduction of the new policy, the attrition rate of the organization will increase. The HR manager will need to implement new policies to control the voluntarily turnover. The HR manager will need to counsel the employees that the organization will support them and their employment with the organization as they are valuable resources of the organization (Chalofsky, 2014). The HR manager also needs to initiate training and development practices so that the new employees in the organization get familiar with the organizations practices. As the new policies will increase the attrition rate of the employees, the organization needs to develop induction program for the new employees. In order to create a positive environment in the organization, the company needs to develop new induction programs for the employees. The induction programs must focus on increasing the harmony among employees from different geographical locations (Condrey,2010). With the new policy changes, the organization needs to recruit a large number of candidates. These candidates will require training and development. In several positions, the company needs to recruit new candidates in spite the demand of experience in the similar position. In this regard, it can be evaluated that the organization needs to implement comprehensive and all-inclusive training activities. The HR manager will be responsible for all the activities of the organization (Chalofsky, 2014). With the changes in the wage policies and focus on local recruitment, the expenditure on the human resource activities will increase drastically. Moreover, the organization may face talent shortage wherein the HR Manager may need to transfer the USA citizens working in foreign subsidiaries of the company. It is the responsibility of the HR manager to report the expenses in the HR activities to the headquarters of the organization (Condrey, 2010). Conclusion It can be concluded that international HRM is a subdivision of the Human resources activities. The International HR manager has to oversee the human resources activities locally and internationally. With thee change in the government in the United States, there will be some radical changes in the employment policies and the employment relations in the USA. The Trump government has increased the border taxes and minimum wage policy which will increase the expenditure of the organization in the human resource activities. The Trump government has warned Toyota to start manufacturing plant in Mexico as it will increase the border tax on the border which will eventually increase the price of the motor vehicles. Moreover, it has also initiated number of policies to reduce the number of migrant workers in the USA. It includes creating a hike in the minimum wages which will reduce the attraction towards the foreign or migrant workers. In this regard, the HR manager of Toyota will face severa l issues. The HR manager has to implement policies so that the new laws and regulations can be implemented smoothly. Moreover, the organization also needs to introduce policies to control the attrition rate and provide training and development to new employees. References Chalofsky, N.F. (2014). Handbook of Human Resource Development. London: John Wiley Sons. Cohen, E. (2010). CSR for HR: A Necessary Partnership for Advancing Responsible Business Practices. Greenleaf Publishing. Collings, D., Wood, G.T., Caligiuri, P.M. (2014). The Routledge Companion to International Human Resource Management. Routledge. Condrey, S.E. (2010). Handbook of Human Resource Management in Government. John Wiley Sons. de Juana-Espinosa, S. (2011). Human Resource Management in the Digital Economy: Creating Synergy between Competency Models and Information: Creating Synergy between Competency Models and Information. IGI Global. Dishman, L. (2016). Heres How Labor And Employment Might Change Under Trump. Fast Company. Retrieved 6 May 2017 from https://www.fastcompany.com/3065579/heres-how-labor-and-employment-might-change-under-trump Ehnert, I., Harry, W., Zink, K.J. (2013). Sustainability and Human Resource Management: Developing Sustainable Business Organizations. Springer Science Business Media. Garcia, F. (2017). Donald Trump threatens Toyota over 'plan to build new plant' in Mexico. Independent UK. Retrieved 6 May 2017 from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-toyota-baja-california-plant-jobs-twitter-latest-a7511981.html Grisham, T.W. (2011). International Project Management: Leadership in Complex Environments. John Wiley Sons. Harzing, A., Pinnington, A. (2014). International Human Resource Management. SAGE. Harzing, A., Pinninton, A. (2014). International Human Resource Management. SAGE. Lippert, J. (2017). Trump Takes Credit for Planned $1.33 Billion Toyota Spending. Bloomberg. Retrieved 6 May 2017 from https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2017-04-10/trump-takes-credit-as-toyota-spends-1-33-billion-on-camry-plant Nkomo, S.M., Fottler, M.D., McAfee, B. (2010). Human Resource Management Applications: Cases, Exercises, Incidents, and Skill Builders. Cengage Learning. Roberts, A., Dason, C. (2017). Trump Says No Way to Toyota Plant in Mexico. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 6 May 2017 from https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-says-no-way-to-toyota-plant-in-mexico-1483643183 Safe Work Australia. (2017). What Your Boss Must do. Retrieved 6 May 2017 from https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/migrant-workers Tingting, W. (2014). An Empirical Study of the Economic Effects of Outsourcing-----Based on China's Economic Development Data. International Journal of Business and Social Science 5(11), 210-216. Truss, C., Mankin, D., Kelliher, C. (2012). Strategic Human Resource Management. OUP Oxford.

The American Forests

Nowadays the condition of the American forests along with the forests in the world is greatly affected by the global environmental problems. Two approaches to the issue of environmental protection of forests will be examined in the following paper, the approach described in the article â€Å"The American Forests† by John Muir and in the article â€Å"Save the Trees† by Jeff Tollefson. Generally, these two conceptions can be seen as quite similar with some insignificant differences.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The American Forests specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A closer look at the contents of the articles suggests that Tollefson has a tendency to address the official audience having the authority to change the situation in the environmental protection, whereas Muir seems to appeal to every human; Tollefson’s argument rests mainly on political and economical factors related to the proble m, whereas Muir addressed common sense of every particular human; and finally, being written one hundred years later than the article by Muir Tollefson’s article has a different approach to the financial matters related to the issues of forest protection. The global aspects are considered in Tollefson’s article with the reference to different international agreements as the problem has become the global one, while Muir’s aricle is more about the USA. Within this vast field of research, two important articles discussing the issue of environmental protection of forests present a row of important facts which can be well-applied to understand the matter in a broader way. In his article â€Å"The American Forests†, John Muir discusses the beauty of the American forests along with their being easy targets for unwise people destroying them for their egoistical purposes. He explains that â€Å"any fool can destroy trees† as â€Å"they cannot run away† (Muir, 2006, p. 364). He expresses his worries concerning the egoistical nature of humans that may only think about their immediate benefits, and would not even try to reason about the consequences of their actions. According to him, â€Å"few that fell trees plant them; nor would planting avail much towards getting back anything like the noble primeval forests† (Muir, 2006, p. 364). He also expresses his concerns over the time necessary for renewing the trees which were destroyed by people corrupted by their acquisitiveness. â€Å"It took more than three thousand years to make some of the trees in these Western woods,—trees that are still standing in perfect strength and beauty, waving and singing in the mighty forests of the Sierra†, explains the author (Muir, 2006, p. 364). Similar issues are explored in the article â€Å"Save The Trees† by Jeff Tollefson. In his article, the author raises a row of important questions mainly related to the environme ntal problems which appeared to be very serious nowadays. According to Tollefson, â€Å"the climatic implications of deforestation, which releases the carbon stored in plants and soils into the atmosphere, both heightens the urgency and opens the door to potential solutions† (2008, p. 8). In addition, the author raises important economical issues related to the problem.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He explains the way countries depend on forests economically, and makes a few conclusions concerning the impossibility of overcoming environmental problems related to forests unless a proper strategy in the field of economics is developed. â€Å"The biggest fear among skeptics is that an endless stream of deforestation credits will simply allow companies in the developed world to pay a little extra and pass costs on to consumers without otherwise changing their polici es†, comments the author on the economical problem of the deforestation (Tollefson, 2008p. 9). On the whole, the two articles though they were written in different historical periods address the important issue of forests’ environmental protection, and explain that this problem cannot be solved unless its economical causatives are not addressed. Although the two articles can be evaluated as quite analogous in their approaches including their position concerning the critical role of a wise economical strategy in solving the problem of environmental protection of forests, a number of differences in their approaches can be noticed. First of all, the two articles are addressed to a different audience. The article by Muir seems to be directed to every person despite one’s origin, position within the society or any other characteristic of one’s background. Muir appeals to common sense existing in the mind of every human being (referring to egoistical nature of h umans), and encourages to think about the consequences of unwise economical strategies in the use of forests. He explains particular ways of destructing forests by people in the United States. In contrast to Muir (2006), Tollefson (2008) seems to address a different audience. The author appeals to people occupying official positions within the society enabling them to make important economical decisions. Tollefson (2008) points as the European market, the proposal of the European Commission, UN negotiations and other specific documents and events which are related to the professional economical specialists. Furthermore, Tollefson (2008) appears to be more global addressing political and economical issues related to the problem of environmental protection of forests (like the mentioning of the market-based cap-and-trade programme) whereas Muir (2006) is more concentrated on the practical negative effect of deforestation (stressing on the possible problems connected with forests absen ce). Tollefson (2008) is remarkable by the use of a variety of economic figures and factors; he also relates the political issues connected to the international relations in the world community such as Kyoto protocol and the other regulations developed in order to protect forests form uncontrolled clear cutting motivated by the purposes of economic enrichment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The American Forests specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Finally, the two articles are rather different in the description of a financial mechanism which can be applied by the members of the government in order to exercise the measures directed to the saving of the forests. Tollefson’s approach can be described as a modern day one. He is more realistic about the way of thinking of the government and common people; whereas Muir is more idealistic in his strategies. Muir argues that environmental strategies should be adopt ed as a priority over economical ones with regards to assessment. Many decades passed since Muir published his outstanding article, but the economical approach did not change. This can be supported by the data from â€Å"A Report of the National Forest Assessment Group†. In this document, it can be seen that the sad situation described by Muir in the beginning of the twentieth century has not changed after a hundred of years to pass. â€Å"Across the US, forests are altered by harvesting, by fire management practices, and by conversion to agriculture or through expansion of urban areas, roads, and recreation†, reads the report supporting Muir’s argument (Global Change Research Program, 2001, 2). In conclusion, the two articles under consideration dedicated to the research of the issues related to the environmental protection of forests on a global scale along with the national one can be evaluated as rather similar in their approaches with some insignificant dif ferences. Mainly, the differences can be seen in the arguments applied by the authors, the audience they address and the feasibility of their approach. Reference List Global Change Research Program. (2001). Potential consequences of climate variability and change. New York: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Global Change Program Office. Muir, J. (2006). The American Forests. In J. Muir (Ed.), Our National Parks (pp. 331-365). New York: Cosimo, Inc. Tollefson, J. (2008). Save The Trees. Nature, 452, pp. 8-9.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on The American Forests was written and submitted by user Raphael Nash to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.